Tool Mechanism & Limitations 1
During a structured dynamic conversation or interview with our Health AI, approximately 25 questions are asked over 5 minutes to collect information about users’ medical history, symptoms, demographics, risk factors, and other related information.
The conditions presented on the screen at the end of the health chat show how others with similar symptoms were diagnosed according to our data, ordered by the estimated prevalence of the conditions in our database in relation to the symptoms and attributes reported during the medical chat. The list is a) not exhaustive and b) does not constitute a diagnosis:
- Using supervised machine-learning models, our algorithms were initially trained on an EMR dataset of two million patients of an HMO in Israel. Information from digital medical interviews and the collective expertise of medical providers on the platform was then leveraged to retrain the algorithm, which now covers 220 common adult primary care conditions, including the top reasons for primary care visits globally. The model does not present conditions deemed to be ‘non-serious’ or ones calculated by the algorithm to have a probability of ~5% or less (depending on the condition). Conditions not included in the 220 conditions covered by the algorithm are likewise excluded. (See the complete list of K conditions below. For an additional explanation of the development of the algorithms, see the ‘Studies’ section below.)
- The potential conditions listed at the end of the health chat are for informational purposes only. They do not replace clinicians’ judgment or constitute a diagnosis. This is because, among other reasons, the data available to the diagnostic models is limited compared to what clinicians can access – prior encounters included. Moreover, the models do not incorporate external data, making it challenging to capture real-world trends. Instead, this list provides insight into how people with similar symptoms and specific shared biomarkers were diagnosed and treated, after which users can chat with a provider that practices on the K Health platform for proper diagnosis and care by clicking the relevant button.
Studies
The following studies have been conducted:
- Zeltzer D, Herzog L, Pickman Y, et al. Diagnostic Accuracy of Artificial Intelligence in Virtual Primary Care. Mayo Clinic Proceedings: Digital Health. 2023; 1(4):480-489. (available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949761223000706)
- Koren G, Souroujon D, Shaul R, et al. “A patient like me” – an algorithm-based program to inform patients on the likely conditions people with symptoms like theirs have. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(42):e17596 (available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6824689)
To date, no prospective clinical trials have been conducted to test the performance of these treatment models or the AI system functionalities described above.
Appendix 1: list of covered conditions:
| Condition Name |
| Abdominal pain |
| Acne |
| Acute Atrial Fibrillation (PAF) |
| Acute diverticulitis |
| Acute hepatitis |
| Acute sinusitis |
| Allergic reaction |
| Allergic rhinitis |
| Amaurosis Fugax |
| Anal fissure |
| Anemia – General |
| Angina stable |
| Anxiety disorder |
| Appendicitis |
| Asthma |
| Athletes foot |
| Atrophic vaginitis |
| Bacterial vaginosis |
| Balanitis |
| Bell’s palsy |
| Benign positional vertigo |
| Bladder infection |
| Blepharitis |
| Bowel obstruction |
| BPH |
| Carcinoid syndrome |
| cardiac arrhythmia unspecified |
| carpal tunnel disease |
| Cat-scratch disease |
| Cataract |
| Celiac disease |
| Cellulitis |
| Cervical radiculopathy |
| Cervical sprain |
| CHF |
| CHF decompensation |
| Cholecystitis |
| Cirrhosis |
| Claudication |
| Cluster headache |
| Colorectal cancer |
| Condyloma accuminata |
| Conjunctivitis |
| Constipation |
| COPD |
| COPD exacerbation |
| Corneal abrasion |
| COVID-19 |
| Crohn’s disease |
| Cushing’s Syndrome |
| Dehydration |
| Dental infection/abscess |
| Dermatitis |
| Diabetes Insipidus |
| Diabetes type 1 |
| Diabetes type 2 |
| Diabetic foot |
| Diabetic neuropathy |
| Diverticulosis |
| Dry eye |
| DVT |
| Dysmenorrhea |
| Ectopic pregnancy |
| Endometriosis |
| Epididymitis |
| Epilepsy |
| Episcleritis |
| Erectile dysfunction |
| Erysipelas |
| Erythema nodosum |
| Fatigue |
| Fibromyalgia |
| Gastritis |
| Gastroenteritis |
| Gerd |
| GI parasite infection |
| Gouty arthritis/gout |
| Graves disease |
| Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) |
| Headache |
| Heat stroke |
| Hemorrhoids |
| Hernia – uncomplicated |
| Herpes genital |
| Herpes Simplex UNS |
| Hives |
| Hordeolum |
| Hyperopia |
| Hyperthyroidism |
| Hypothyroidism |
| IBS |
| Impacted cerumen |
| Incarcerated hernia |
| Influenza |
| Ingrown toenail |
| Lactose intolerance |
| Local benign breast condition |
| Low back strain |
| Lumbar radiculopathy |
| Lupus |
| Lyme disease (acute phase) |
| Lymphadenitis |
| Lymphedema |
| Macular degeneration |
| Major depression |
| Mastitis |
| Meniere’s disease |
| Meningitis |
| Menopause |
| Migraine |
| Mittelschmerz |
| Mononucleosis |
| Multiple myeloma |
| Multiple sclerosis |
| Musculoskeletal chest pain |
| Myasthenia gravis |
| Myocardial infarction |
| Narrow angle glaucoma |
| Nearsightedness |
| Nephrotic syndrome |
| New pregnancy |
| Obstructive sleep apnea |
| Optic neuritis |
| Oral thrush |
| Orthopedic Elbow Conditions |
| Orthopedic Finger Conditions |
| Orthopedic Shoulder Conditions |
| Orthopedics condition Ankle Pain |
| Orthopedics condition Hip Pain |
| Orthopedics condition Knee Pain |
| Orthostatic hypotension |
| Osteoarthritis |
| Otitis externa |
| Otitis media |
| Ovarian cyst |
| Ovarian torsion |
| Pancreatitis |
| Panic attack (nee disorder) |
| Paronychia |
| Parotitis |
| Pelvic inflammatory disease |
| Peptic ulcer disease |
| Perianal abscess |
| Pericarditis |
| Peripheral vascular disease |
| Pheochromocytoma |
| pilonidal abscess |
| Plantar fasciitis |
| Pneumonia |
| Pneumothorax |
| Polycystic ovarian syndrome |
| Polymyalgia rheumatica |
| Postconcussive syndrome |
| Premenstrual syndrome |
| Presbycusis |
| Presbyopia |
| Prolapse rectum |
| Prostatitis |
| Pulmonary embolism |
| Pyelonephritis |
| Raynaud’s disease |
| Renal colic |
| Restless leg syndrome |
| Retinal detachment UNS |
| Rheumatoid arthropathy |
| Sarcoidosis |
| Scleroderma |
| Sensorineural hearing loss |
| Septic arthritis |
| Shingles |
| Submandibular sialadenitis |
| Sjogren’s syndrome |
| Spinal stenosis |
| Ankylosing spondylitis |
| STD |
| Stomatitis aphthous |
| Strep pharyngitis |
| Stroke |
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage |
| Subconjunctival hemorrhage |
| Subdural hemorrhage |
| Superficial vein thrombosis |
| Temporal arteritis |
| Tension headache |
| Testicular cancer |
| Testicular torsion |
| TIA |
| Tinnitus |
| TMJ |
| Torticollis |
| Tremor benign essential |
| Trigeminal neuralgia |
| Ulcerative colitis |
| Ulnar neuropathy |
| Upper respiratory infection |
| Urethritis UNS |
| Uterine leiomyoma |
| Uterovaginal prolapse |
| Uveitis |
| Vaginal yeast infection |
| Varicocele |
| Varicose veins |
| Vasovagal syncope |
| Vestibular neuritis |
| Viral pharyngitis |
| Vitreous floater |
| Vocal cord polyp/nodule |
| Vulvovaginitis |
1Model development supported by the following medical literature:
Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. (1998). New York: McGraw-Hill, Health Professions Division. Hopcroft, K. and Forte, V. (2020) Symptom sorter. 6th Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton.